PVDF is the standard binder material used in the production of composite electrodes for lithium-ion batteries . weight solution of PVDF dissolved in " N "-methyl-2-pyrrolidone ( NMP ) is mixed with an active lithium storage material such as graphite, silicon, tin, LiCoO 2, LiMn 2 O 4, or LiFePO 4 and a conductive additive such as carbon black or carbon nanofibers.
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